Which level of management is NOT primarily served by an MIS?

Management Information Systems (MIS) are crucial for providing the necessary information to various levels of management within an organization, supporting decision-making and efficiency. The operational level uses MIS for day-to-day management activities, relying on structured data to facilitate routine tasks. The tactical level utilizes MIS for coordinating and optimizing departmental duties, focusing on medium-term objectives and strategies. The strategic level benefits from MIS in making long-term decisions that affect the overall direction of the organization.

The technical level, however, is not primarily served byMIS. This level is more focused on specialized tasks and roles related to technology and technical processes rather than the high-level decision-making needs which MIS is designed to address. While technical personnel may utilize information systems, their primary role does not center around the management purposes that MIS serves for the other levels. Thus, the unique focus and purpose of MIS make the operational, tactical, and strategic levels the primary users, while the technical level is generally oriented towards implementation and support, rather than management.